Do Men’s and Women’s Brains Really Differ?

• "Gender Gaps in Overestimation of Math Performance." Sex Roles, June 2015. In this two-part study, 306 undergraduate students younger than 30 were given math tests, then asked to estimate the number of problems they answered correctly. Men overestimated the number of problems they solved more often than women. Read a summary of the study. (A fee is required to access the full study.)

• “Temporal Lobe Activation Demonstrates Sex-based Differences during Passive Listening,” Radiology, July 2001. In this study, 20 men and women ages 21 to 39 underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while listening to a passage from the John Grisham novel The Partner. Most of the men showed activity just in the temporal lobe of the brain, which is associated with listening and speech. Women showed activity in the temporal lobe on both sides of the brain. Read a summary of the study. (A fee is required to access the full study.)

• "Gender-Based Cerebral Perfusion Differences in 46,034 Functional Neuroimaging Scans," Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, September 2017. This study included 119 healthy volunteers and 26,683 people with a history of conditions such as brain injuries and mood disorders. Researchers compared single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans, which show blood flow to different regions of the brain, while participants were at rest and engaged in various mentally stimulating activities. Women's brains showed greater activity in more regions than did men's brains. Read a summary of the study. (A fee is required to access the full study.)

• "Changes in spatial cognition and brain activity after a single dose of testosterone in healthy women," Behavioural Brain Research, February 2016. In this study, 42 healthy women, ages 19 to 30, were given either a drop of testosterone or an inactive droplet under their tongue. They then performed virtual navigation tests while undergoing imaging scans of their brain. Although there were no differences in performance on the navigation tests between the two groups, women who received testosterone were better able to orient themselves in a virtual environment. Read the full study. 

• "The dopaminergic reward system underpins gender differences in social preferences," Nature Human Behavior, October 2017. Researchers gave male and female participants either amisulpride, a drug that blocks dopamine in the brain, or a sugar pill. Then the participants had to decide whether to keep a reward for themselves or share it. Blocking dopamine reduced selfish behaviors in men, and it reduced selfless actions in women. Read the full study. 

• "Persistent metabolic youth in the aging female brain," PNAS, February 2019. For this study, researchers used information gathered from positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans of 205 cognitively healthy adults, ages 20 to 82. Women's brains were metabolically younger for their age than men's brains. The researchers couldn't separate out lifestyle and societal influences that may have influenced the results. Read the full study.